Engineering has developed from observations on the methods of natural and constructed response and the development of empirical equations that provide the basis for design. It is a term commonly used in our daily life. Development and progress observed in the world is only possible because of scientific and technical work in progress in various fields. The advancement of technology in today's world has increased employment in the field of engineering. There are several streams of engineering. Some of the important currents are .
Civil Engineering - Four Amazing Reasons To Become a Civil Engineer
Civil engineers are responsible for the design, construction, maintenance and management of the entire process of construction of public and private institutions . These include pipelines , roads , highways , dams, bridges, tunnels, systems Water treatment , airports and subdivisions. It is also the responsibility of engineers to supervise these activities and the overall performance of people involved in the projects. Although these professionals have an enormous responsibility to maintain , there are many other good reasons to become a civil engineer .
Career in Civil Engineering: What Does a Civil Engineer Do?
Have you thought about a career in civil engineering, but I was too confused as to exactly what a civil engineer? What does a civil engineer? If you are still looking for the answer , we caution that civil engineering is a broad topic and there is a specific short and sweet answer. But if you're curious to know more or are considering this as a profession , we must know that all engineering disciplines , civil engineering is one of the oldest . Civil engineers deal with the design of the physical environment , built . Just take a look at where you live and see the results of your design work. For example, roads, bridges, buildings , utilities , water and sanitation , rainwater canals, dikes, dams , canals, etc. The list goes on and goes on , and if you engineering study completed numerous courses on wide field , and then tend to focus on a particular sub -discipline.
Top 10 Things Your Brain Does and You Probably Didn't Know About
Top 10 Things Your Brain Does and You Probably Didn't Know About
Most of the time we are so accustomed to our brain to function smoothly and automatically that we do not take a lot of time thinking about what is happening below . Walking, eating, talking to a book, all these things seem very natural and easy, but in truth, everyone is done through a series of functions performed by the brain. To understand the capabilities and limitations of the brain, you can try with puzzles and games, but it is also important to consider some things you probably did not know about:
Why AutoCAD is a Popular Architectural & Construction Industry
Why AutoCAD is a Popular Architectural &
Construction Industry
AutoCAD is one of the programs of the most popular computer
developed to help professionals design and analyze products , buildings or
structures without having to manually develop assisted design plan . While CAD
applications prior to AutoCAD involved large amount of computing power in the
form of gigantic computers , AutoCAD has streamlined its operations to optimize
for the IBM PC , allowing people to work from home or on their computer working
.
Top Ten AutoCAD Tricks for New AutoCAD Users
Top Ten AutoCAD Tricks for New AutoCAD Users
AutoCAD is used by professionals worldwide to create drawing
files that define the buildings, equipment and products we use every day. If
you are looking for a job in design or construction , AutoCAD you need to know
to command high wages and job security . These simple tips will help you get
new users up to speed.
How Professional Are You at Work?
How Professional Are You at Work?
Are you the type of person to your office colleagues call a
true "professional" , and seriously?
Everyone wants to be professional in the work called for
obvious reasons. We want to be the man of our office colleagues gravitate help,
advice, or just plain talk .
Types of Construction Projects
Types of Construction Projects
Construction is defined as " a process that consists of
the building or assembling of infrastructure. "( See 1. Next) On the other
hand, a Construction Project " includes all material and work necessary
for the construction of a finite for occupancy by the end customer. Structure
This includes site preparation, the foundations, mechanical, electrical, and
other work necessary for the project . " ( See 2 . Next)
Computer Engineering Jobs Are A Growing Career Field
Computer Engineering Jobs Are A Growing Career Field
With the turbulent economy today , all careers are stable
and a high percentage of workers employed by the big names of companies are
laid off. With rising unemployment , more and more people are turning their
attention to a full-time job for full time. Computer engineering jobs are
highly sought after and are one of the most stable jobs dating because of the
strong dependence of the country on computers and software. Understand the
nature of the position and the education and training they must complete and
enter a career
Computer Software Engineer Careers
Computer Software Engineer Careers
Finding the right career can be a challenge, you want a job
that you find interesting , but which also offers a bright future and a good
salary. If you have an interest in computer programming be a good option can be
a career as a software engineer . There are few jobs out there that can compete
with it in terms of wages and job security .
Why Should You Use Engineering Software
Why Should You Use Engineering Software
When technology providing electricity and telegraph were
introduced in the late nineteenth century
The world has become truly modern and the body of knowledge
in applied electricity became known as electrical engineering.
Construction Jobs Interview - Top Methods to Get One
Top Methods to Get JOB
Working Hunter today faces great challenges in finding employment within the construction industry . The market for A / E / C (construction , architecture and engineering ) for the recruitment was very slow , and in some places reached more than 20 % unemployment , making this industry one of the most difficult markets to work , however, the good news is that even in the most demanding , but 80% of people in this industry markets are used. There are several ways to get a job interview construction, but some are more effective than others. The job interview is obtained from a variety of sources , many of which are online , but many are now online. When seeking employment in industry A / E / C. Candidates must remain focused on your network of contacts in the industry and in the construction of specialized advertising resources .
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Here is the list of the seven wonders of the modern world . The list was developed by engineers with the field of American Society , the list provides details on existing wonders on earth.
Top 7 Interesting Dams Of The World
Top seven Interesting Dams Of The World
A . New Cornelia tailings dam in Arizona was recognized as the greatest long, nearly 209.5 million cubic meters of water. However, currently ranks second after Syncrude tailings dam in Canada ( Fort McMurray , Alberta ), which provides 540 million cubic meters of water.
Civil Engineering Degree - How Hard Is A Civil Engineering Degree Program?
Civil Engineering Degree
Civil engineers are those who specialize in the construction of the city. What this means involves the construction of water supply , bridges , roads and other infrastructure. Become a civil engineer is definitely a good career choice, not only because of the enormous value of the work they do, but more importantly , the opportunities that come with this profession. In this way , you may be wondering how a degree program in civil engineering difficult ask .
A Civil Engineer Career Might Be For You
A Civil Engineer Career Might Be For You
Have you spent much time as a young boy playing with toys to understand its workings ? Have you always had a fascination with the physical construction of buildings and other structures? Pull yourself to the idea of designing modern architectural wonders ?
Civil Engineer Salary - Some Facts to Know
Civil Engineer Salary
Civil engineering has become one of the most lucrative jobs today . Many students take admission in various first-class engineers worldwide schools. The job of a civil engineer includes not only many challenges and creativity, it also promises a good salary and officials.
Cement_modified
Cement modified
Hydraulic cements and hydraulic cements mixed and cured by chemical reaction with water . They are also difficult and maintain stability underwater . Used in all aspects of concrete construction. During this reaction, called hydration , the cement combines with water to form a stone like mass
Admixtures for Concrete
Concrete admixtures
A mixture is " a cement material other than water , the hydraulic aggregate and which is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and is added to the mixture , immediately before or during mixing . " A functional addition is added by manufacturer of cement mix cement plant , not at work . There are four categories of additives :
Concrete Technology Properties of fresh concrete
fresh concrete
• To ensure that the hardened concrete is acceptable in operation, the concrete must meet the following
• 1. Mix and transportation
• 2 . Must be uniform throughout the batch and between batches
• 3 .
Must circulate properly completing the forms • 4
. Must be able to be fully compacted without excessive energy,
• 5. Should not separate when laying and compaction
• 6 . Must be completed , nature or formwork
Properties of fresh concrete
• Introduction • The potential strength and durability of concrete from a report given mixture is highly dependent on the degree of compaction .
• It is essential , therefore, that the consistency of the mixture is such that the concrete can be transported, placed , and finished with early enough to reach the expected strength and durability.
Properties of fresh concrete
Importance • • The first 48 hours are very important for the performance of the concrete structure . • Controls the behavior in the long term, f'c influence ( tensile strength ) , Ec ( module) , creep and durability.
Properties of fresh concrete
Properties in Upper Age • Handling slump loss • • Separation / Bleeding • Plastic • Operating Temperature • Withdrawal
Properties of fresh concrete
• Machining • Definition: to manage a concrete mixture with a minimum of segregation efforts.
• It is a fundamental property of concrete .
Properties of fresh concrete
• If the compacting is achieved by vibration or Raming , the method consists essentially remove entrapped air in the concrete until it has reached a densest possible configuration for a given mixture . • large air pockets trapped seriously weaken the concrete act as powerful as stress concentrations .
Workability and consistency
• It was noted that the ability to work is a patented compound with at least two main elements: • a. Consistency he describes as " easy flow " . . Concrete and b • Cohesion he describes as " the tendency to bleed or segregate " • Among the important factors that affect the workability of concrete are :
consistency
• Consistency or the fluidity of the concrete is an important part of the working capacity and refers to a form of concrete moisture . • However, it should not be assumed that the wet mixture is easier. If the mixture is too wet , segregation can occur with resulting honeycomb , excessive bleeding and sand streaks formed on
the surfaces
Micro- Tunneling
Micro- Tunneling
A . General 1.1 Micro - a tunnel construction method of underground pipes that are not related to the trenching of the soil surface . It involves the excavation using a TBM guided by drilling the computer ( TBM ) and installation of straw tubes controlled remotely . 1.2 Micro Works - tunnel will be undertaken by a specialist subcontractor must be approved by the engineer, who can demonstrate successful experience of similar work in the Gulf region .
HDPE Non Pressure Pipe
High density polyethylene (HDPE ) is made in accordance with the requirements of CP 312 Part 1 and 3 and BS EN 123244-1 , 2, 5:2002 . When pipes for the use of rehabilitation, the pipes must be of short sections that correspond to the requirements of the chosen method and the available workspace in looks or trees.
Hot Weather Concreting and GRP Linings
Hot Weather Concreting
Concrete should not be mixed or placed when the temperature of the air curtain on the site is 40 ° C or more, unless the contractor has demonstrated special measures to ensure that the concrete is placed successfully compacted and hardened. The temperature of the fresh concrete shall not exceed 32 ° C, unless it is shown that at a higher than the strength and durability of concrete structures temperature is not compromised. The building will remain in the shade for at least 4 hours before concreting. All metal frame, concrete or other material of high thermal capacity is cooled with water before casting the concrete against them. Only water that meets the requirements of mixing water is used for washing and cooling of forms, etc.
Sewer Cleaning For Residential Homes
Sewer Cleaning For Residential Homes
If you live in a new home , chances are that you do not usually think much about sewer cleaning and maintenance of drains. Most people in our country , however, live in older homes that are more susceptible to clogging of sewer blockages and breaks , and over time will need professional help in repairing at some point .
Vacuum truck , unlike the task of removing obstructions smaller drains, is a project that should generally seek professional help. Even if a snake drain auger or simple plunger is often enough to unclog a sink, toilet or bathroom, main sewer in your home needs a stronger team .
The main culprit blocked sewers is more fat that accumulates in the pipes due to years of accumulation. This accumulation of fat is best removed with a system of water jet high pressure type that many companies plumbing and sewer cleaning professionals poses.
Although high-pressure water jet is a little more expensive than simple plumbing repair is the best way to remove blockages from your home and get your sewer pipes like new . If done correctly, you should not have to clean your sewage drain for several years.
Note, however, that you continue to do damage in the sewers when you put the food through the sink. Even if you have a pile of garbage , food lead to the accumulation of fat on the drains , and you should avoid putting them in the sink if possible. More importantly, however, you should never throw the liquid grease down the drain in a saucepan or deep fryer.
Types of Construction Projects
Types of Construction Projects
Construction is defined as " a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. "( See 1. Next) On the other hand, a Construction Project " includes all material and work necessary for the construction of a finite for occupancy by the end customer. Structure This includes site preparation, the foundations, mechanical, electrical, and other work necessary for the project . " ( See 2 . Next)
There are different types of construction projects :
residential
Residential construction projects include houses , townhouses , apartments , condominiums , chalets , townhouses and subdivisions. Housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers and construction is executed by builders who hire subcontractors, specialty electrical works , mechanical and other structures. This type of project must comply with local construction regulations and codes of practice. Many new builders are attracted to residential projects because of its ease of entry into the real estate market . This makes it a very competitive market with potentially high risks and high rewards .
building
Building construction is perhaps the most popular type of construction project. This is the process of adding structure to real property . Most projects are room additions and small renovations. Most new construction projects are the construction of buildings protected with access walk- in order to house people , equipment , supplies or appliance housings . Includes the installation of utilities and equipment .
Institutional and commercial
The construction of institutional and commercial buildings cover a wide range of types and sizes, such as hospitals and clinics, schools and universities , sports facilities and stadiums , large shopping centers and retail stores branches, factories and warehouses and skyscrapers office and hotel project. Architects and engineers are often hired to design a particular type of building. This market segment has few competitors because of higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial projects in relation to buildings housing construction .
industrial
Industrial construction is only a small part of the construction industry , however, is a very important part of the industry. These projects are usually owned by large for-profit corporations such as manufacturing, power generation , medicine, oil, etc.
Specialized industrial construction
This type of construction project usually involves very large projects with a high degree of technological complexity , such as nuclear power plants, processing plants , chemicals , steel mills and oil refineries.
Road construction
Road construction involves the construction, alteration or repair of roads, highways, streets, alleys , roads, trails , parking areas , etc. including integrated quite incidental in the context of the proposed road construction .
heavy Construction
Heavy construction projects usually involve projects that have not been properly classified as "building" or "highway" . Examples of these projects include : lines of water and sewer projects , dams, treatment plants and sanitation projects flood control, dredging projects , plants and installations plants water treatment .
These are the most popular types of construction projects. Construction is a major industry and there are now several construction companies to choose from. This, combined with the use of the Internet has made it easier for the consumer to make a decision on how to proceed with their projects. Just do a little research . Do not hesitate to contact these construction companies and ask questions . Construction projects are a big business and you need to make good decisions when you embark on these projects.
Hand Embroidery Patterns Are Intricate Designs
Hand Embroidery Patterns Are Intricate Designs
The art of embroidery has been popular since ancient times. Even today , many people pursue this art as a hobby or to earn money . With the advancement of technology, this art form has changed and improved.
Machines help fast digital embroidery machine, and save money . But the hand-embroidered motifs are traditional ways that people prefer because it allows your creativity to flow and can also make your own patterns . The use of machinery makes you dependent on them and these machines also have their limitations. Many models are already present on the computer, so that the creativity of the user is required . This means that you can not embellish or modify the design to suit your own preferences or the project you are working on.
It is difficult to create patterns embroidered by hand. Also require a lot of time to complete. The view of the embroidery to be very clear and perfect coordination between the thread and the fabric . The culvert must be a very patient and creative designs that are the imagination of the sewer person .
You can choose lace , fabric, cross stitch and ribbon designs for the hand. Lace and ribbon embroidery is used to create floral motifs . These methods are ideal for those who are beginners in the art of embroidery by hand, because they are very simple. Cross-stitch is a popular as well as the main method of hand embroidery . One can choose from a variety of models , if you are comfortable with this method. This method is simple but involves complex task because it takes the number of dots and colors to create good design.
Beginners should avoid starting with a tarp that must be qualified and experienced to work . Whatever type you choose embroidery, hand embroidery and give you a lot of confidence that the designs are yours. They allow you to be creative and let your imagination.
Sewer Repair
Sewer Repair
Several events can cause problems with sewage - at home. It is very important to be aware of these possibilities because they can cause serious problems if not diagnosed. Read on to learn more.
potential problems
Clogs are on the main line toilet in the home can lead to backups. Culverts may collapse , creating too large to be carried out without the aid project . Street tree property can also cause plumbing problems from invading through the system joints or broken pipes . Older pipes and joints can even break , corrode or collapse on itself. Those living in more rural areas may have septic tanks. These have their own town, like becoming too full of solid, or problems with problems leech bed . In addition , heavy rains can bring to surface problems that have been buried underground for a while .
What have I done ?
Impaired use of household plumbing is a common cause of several typical locks. Washing or dumping of many substances , including paper products , grease or larger objects like food, can cause immediate or long-term problems . Fat accumulation can block not only your home hose , but the system of public sewers and drains be covered with solidified fat and develop a reduced carrying capacity of the wastewater capacity. This cumulative effect can easily go unnoticed until it is too late. Note that if you have a backup in a single sink or tub and other facilities are home draining properly , it is likely that the leak is locked and the main sewer lateral is fine.
Damaged culverts can cause very unpleasant effects , including sewage backup into the house through the toilet or bathtub, and smells more and more apparent in large classes or public outdoor spaces . Unfortunately , damage to pipes and sewage in your home can often be difficult or impossible to see without having to go behind the walls and other hard to reach places , so be sure to schedule medical tests and maintenance procedures regularly as recommended by your plumber. If not detected early, blocked drainage pipes can cause the rejection of untreated sewage in the streets, creating a public health and the environment.
Professional plumbers Prevail !
Please make sure to find a reputable plumber . The sewer repair is a tricky business , with security issues and real health involved . Professional plumbers have the skills and training to anticipate problems and conduct difficult investigations and corrections with proper care . They also have coverage for unforeseen problems, and can take care of them much faster and more efficient than the unskilled .
Importance of Material Management for a Sewer Contractor
Importance of Material Management for a Sewer Contractor
Materials management is the planning and control of all functions related to the flow of production, maintenance, or any other material required to complete the cycle. The definition is slightly different for an entrepreneur sewer and sewer contractor. Wherever they perform these management functions of the three main processes involved in the management of materials spare parts , quality control and inventory management.
Before proceeding to explain why this management system is important for the entrepreneur sewer , you must know what a sewer project may involve . Indeed, the sewer contractor is responsible for anything to install sewer main with to keep your home sewer. It is easy to understand that , since the field work of an entrepreneur is a large scale, such as materials and functions needed for these physical elements are also naturally huge in number. Inadequate and ineffective materials management will result in inventory shortages or supply side .
Basically , as the management of other materials of the business entity is the sewer contractor mixture purchase plan . This means that planning a healthy balance between your inventory and instant purchases. We often like to store more thought necessary, you may need later, but seriously, this is a recipe for potential disaster . Just think what a sewer contractor can do if he or she spends all the money on the construction of an inventory and a client requests a service he or she can not play with the materials hand.
It is easy to understand how materials management can help a sewer contractor to save a decent amount of money. First , do not spend all they have to build inventory so naturally they provide an additional safeguard for some future projects. Second, when the stock was built on the basis of any inventory projections itself can help you save on the price of materials related sewers case - go higher than the current market price . So, obviously , we must find a balance between the amount you want to buy later and the amount you need to save now .
An important factor related to the management of sewage materials is the limit for refreshment. This period varies greatly in the type of projects for different industries. For a sewer contractor , which could become a continuous process rather than a newspaper if he or she can not effectively manage their inventory. Not only do they compromise their quality , so they also suffer unnecessary losses .
Note that this is not always a DIY job . Naturally, as the business grows , your immediate expenses and exchange rate proportionally store . You may need to get professional help if you are not skilled in management .
For now, we understand why the issue is important for the management of sanitation subcontractors. In addition to helping you save a lot through the link to buy the store, but also helps to maintain the quality of project delivery as expected by customers.
Dealing with Water and dewatering in sewer projects
Dealing with Water
The Contractor shall provide all necessary links to environmental resources and water sections of local government in planning permissions and activities of dehydration. The Contractor shall obtain all necessary permits and approvals from local authorities concerned prior to dehydration and to ensure that all conditions of approval imposed by the local authority for permission to dehydration / strict permissions compliance . The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to ensure dry conditions are maintained at all times during construction. The Contractor shall provide and maintain many ways and devices (including replacement units ready for use in case of failure ) that intercept and / or remove quickly and properly dispose of all water entering trenches and other excavations. These excavations must be kept dry until the structures , pipes and fittings in the same building are completed. In addition , care must be taken to prevent flotation of partially built structures made covered in commissioning works and pipeline awaiting filling structures.
The Contractor must ensure that the static water level must be removed to a depth sufficient to maintain the bottom of the dry excavation (at least 300 mm below the level of training). No digging will be allowed in wet conditions and pipelay or specific activities begin until the Contractor has demonstrated that it can maintain excavations in dry conditions acceptable to the Engineer. The contractor is required to keep dehydration at all times during construction to ensure that no groundwater comes into contact with the pipe, the exposed surfaces of the reinforcement or unprotected . Failure of the above allows the Engineer to condemn the work of the section concerned and require the removal and complete replacement by the contractor. If the Contractor does not maintain excavations in dry conditions ( acceptable to the Engineer ), the client reserves the right to hire a subcontractor professional dehydration in the name and on behalf of the entrepreneur. Contractor is deemed to have visited the site before submitting your bid, so that all inspections and necessary to enable the following in their requests for tender : a) temporary evacuation lines , structures, pumps and other equipment necessary to prevent local flooding or waterlogging . b ) the means of access and working space. c ) the nature of the soil and subsoil. d) Presence of existing foundations and other hidden obstacles. e ) the level of groundwater.
f) The extent and possible rock cavities. g ) upport properties and surrounding structures . S h) ny other factors that affect the work. A i ) All activities allow approval /
Any information the contractor or in the documents or any other source, shall not relieve the Contractor of its responsibility to decide for itself the nature and scope of work, and ensure that similar conditions apply other parts of the site. Contractor is deemed to have contacted the relevant authorities to establish the existence of an existing , living or adjacent redundant services or through the work area and shall be deemed to have accepted in his bid for the location, fun , demolition or withdrawal. Boring records and related information are the conditions of the basement in specific places and at specific times designated in the records . a . Soil conditions also may differ from conditions that occur in boring places. b . The passage of time can lead to a change in the conditions of the subsoil or water levels in boring places. c . Employer does not guarantee statements , opinions or conclusions contained in the geotechnical report .
Contractor shall assume full responsibility for :
a . Deductions and conclusions made by him as to the nature of the soil dehydration. b . Difficulties linked to both dehydration and landfill operations . c . Maintain elevations dehydration required at all times during construction . d. Conduct your own research to verify the validity of the information basement.
Neither the employer nor the Engineer will be responsible for damages of dewatering activities. The Contractor shall submit engineering approval of a detailed method for drainage systems , compliance with the requirements set . The method declaration is submitted at least 30 days before the start of dewatering operations . No dehydration
perations begin until the Engineer has approved method statement of the contractor and all necessary permits obtained . Capacity calculations , places and details dewatering system composts , such as pumps , collectors , collection and drainage pipes, projects and floor units conditon groundwater , recharging system of water disposal system monitoring equipment of water , the solution of the measurement equipment , data collection and distribution are included . Proposed in the states of dehydration method contractor methods may include temporary drains, intercepting ditches, sewers , sub- cut drains, sewers , wells , pumps, and other items or equipment dehydration and includes all the equipment necessary to prevent water from excavations or less sensitive groundwater and floating structures. The Contractor shall provide qualified and experienced staff to carry out dehydration. If approved by the Engineer , the Contractor shall provide the services of a subcontractor dehydration experienced , qualified and properly equipped to design and operate systems and groundwater dewatering necessary for the job. All necessary precautions must be taken to avoid any adjacent land will be affected by the loss of fines by a drainage system. All water must be removed and disposed so as to avoid flooding or flooding , property damage and disruption or threat to the adjacent public. All pumped or drained water work must be disposed of properly and without undue interference in other works , damages sidewalk, services or other goods . Appropriate temporary pipes , ditches or channels shall be provided by the water can flow over or through the work site . No water must be disposed of in sewer / drainage existing city or not the prior written permission of the local authority. Before downloading the seawater, boulevards , etc. the Contractor shall obtain the prior approval of the competent local authority in writing. If permission to use existing pipes or culverts that are not part of the sanitation score, which must be thoroughly cleaned of all silt and damage have evolved after use is given . When the contractor proposes to use existing drainage pipes , conduits, etc. , has been set as to his condition before use . If any of these elements are in an unsatisfactory state then , before use, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer may order the item will be replaced or repaired. Time to perform this type of work is not considered delayed operations of the contractor.
When using the contractor is responsible for the condition of the pipe , conduit, etc. , and any defect or failure will be done by the contractor. Any delay in the work of the contractor caused by the defect or failure, is considered the responsibility of the contractor . After use by the contractor as pipes, conduits, etc. , shall be given to the local authority under conditions no less than at the beginning of use. All repairs or replacements that may be required will be borne by the contractors. You can not guarantee that will b authorization to use ducts and existing pipes. Unless otherwise specified, all temporary drains and sub- drains will eventually be sealed with concrete to approved and all temporary ditches intervals , drains , wells, etc. , must be filled and replaced as specified elsewhere. In the exceptional case where gaps for groundwater storage are allowed , they must be adequately protected with fencing and the day assistance and night to prevent access by the general public and not be located near buildings . Approved for the prevention of the formation of mosquito larvae in the area of the slots is used media. All necessary precautions must be taken to prevent groundwater from entering the network used to carry portable water .
Backfilling sewer work
Backfilling sewer work
A . general
The Contractor shall perform all excavations quickly to minimize disruption to the public. Filling trenches on roads and paved / tiled areas is usually performed using similar materials excavated in situ in which the trench is building or structure chosen materials. Special padding is used if designated or managed . When the excavation is close to the existing structure to flow, where some of the later works can be built on or near or in emergency situations may require the contractor to fill with concrete.
Two . selected fill
The packaging material can be selected from part of the site selection methods may include sieving to remove large particles or hand or classification methods of soil classification and testing of property on the machine floor. The filling with the chosen material is performed as defined below.
a cohesive soils
Cohesive Soils are placed in layers not exceeding 200 mm ( compacted thickness ) and compacted so that along each - dry density layer positioned in situ is at least 95 % of the maximum density determined by dry land BS 1377 Part 4: Test 3.5 , as appropriate . "
The use of nuclear densitometer to determine the scope must comply with the requirements of the local authorities concerned .
If the tests show that the site specified compaction can be achieved with layers of more than 200 mm thick compacted approval may be given to the thicker layer of replacement, but not exceeding 250 mm , providing the plant used is used for assays. The moisture content of the soil can be determined on the ground by the method of test gas pressure calcium carbide (fast ) according to ASTM D4944 standard . All calibration and testing will be performed by accredited by the relevant local authority laboratory.
b - granular soils
Granular soils are placed in layers not exceeding 200 mm ( compacted thickness ) and compacted by the intermediate layer so that each placed in situ dry density is not less than 95 % of the maximum dry density determined by BS 1377 part 4 : Test 3.5 or 3.6 on the same floor as necessary.
If the tests show that the site specified compaction can be achieved with layers of more than 200 mm thick compacted approval may be given to the thicker layer of replacement, but not exceeding 250 mm , providing the plant used is used for assays.
Unless otherwise humidity is maintained and if necessary change the permitted enter 2% of the optimum moisture content methods.
For draining granular soils that have not clearly defined optimum moisture content , compression is performed to obtain a relative density of at least 95% if necessary. During the compaction of the soil was wet as I can
Sewer network project "Excavation and formation" (1)
Excavation and formation
First we make the setting out of our line after that we can start excavation
Setting Out
Before any structural excavation is commenced the Contractor shall define the center line or other agreed reference line of the Works and erect the necessary profiles throughout their full length if so required by the Engineer. The area shall be trimmed to a clean, properly compared uniform surface to the lines and levels shown on the drawings. Any soft areas considered unsatisfactory by the Engineer shall be taken out and the extra depth filled with approved compacted fill
Trench Excavation
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| trench support by steel shoring because of loose material |
Trench excavation shall be carried out by such methods and to such lines, dimension and depths as shall allow for the proper construction of the works, provided always that, unless the Engineer permits otherwise, no trench excavation shall be less than 600 mm in width. Excavation shall be carried out by hand methods where required to ensure the stability of utilities encountered during excavation work. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any rock in trench excavation shall be so excavated that the clearance between the pipe, when laid, and the rock sides and bottom of the trench is kept to the minimum limits necessary to provide for the specified thickness of bedding and concrete protection of the pipe. The bottom of the trenches shall be properly trimmed off and a compacted granular bed of thickness as shown on the drawings shall be placed and prepared to provide a firm and uniform bearing throughout the length of the pipe.
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| bedding |
sewer network project
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| form |
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| HDPE manhole |
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| manhole base slab |
sewer work
This is introduction to sewer work am working now in a sewer network project , so day by day i will upload photos for the work and i will discuss how the work going on .
see you tomorrow
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